#### 2020/3/23 实验专题
> 各种试剂与酸性KMnO~4~反应:
![image-20200323160526448](https://cyaron.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/img/20200323160537.png)
1. 苯酚、乙醛具有较强还原性。
2. 苯、乙酸、乙酸乙酯、溴乙烷不与KMnO~4~反应。
3. 乙酸乙酯、溴乙烷不反应,溶液分层。
> 乙醛与溴
乙醛不能和纯溴(CCl~4~)反应。
必须要有水的参与。
> 烯醛中碳碳双键的检验
– 纯净的液态样品(无水)
取样,加入溴的四氯化碳溶液,褪色即可证明。
– 水溶液
取样,加入足量银氨溶液或新制氢氧化铜悬浊液,加热,冷却(过滤),加入硝酸酸化,再加入溴水,若褪色即可证明。
> 练习1
![image-20200323162323669](https://cyaron.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/img/20200323162326.png)
– A. 硫酸浓度过低
– B. 没有催化剂
170度乙烯,140度乙醚
– C. 催化剂。
– D. 溴水与苯分层后橙色的苯的溴溶液在上层,无色的水层在下面。乙醇溶解。己烯褪色。四氯化碳橙色在下面。
> 酚醛树脂制取
![image-20200323162730981](https://cyaron.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/img/20200323162732.png)
_浓盐酸生成线形的,浓氨水生成体形的_
> 练习2
![image-20200323162916530](https://cyaron.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/img/20200323162918.png)
– A. 正确。
– B. 反了,将氨水滴入硝酸银中,碱过量会爆炸。
– C. 直接加热不能产生银镜。
– D. 不反应。
> 银镜反应
![image-20200323163509879](https://cyaron.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/img/20200323163511.png)
![image-20200323163547698](https://cyaron.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/img/20200323163550.png)
> 相似实验的比较
– 需要水浴加热的实验
![image-20200323163715813](https://cyaron.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/img/20200323163717.png)
**制取乙酸乙酯需要酒精灯加热,水解需要水浴加热。**
(4)蔗糖(麦芽糖)的水解
一分子蔗糖得到一分子葡萄糖和一分子果糖。
一分子麦芽糖得到两分子葡萄糖。
(5)酚醛树脂的制备
– 用到温度计的实验以及水银球的位置
![image-20200323164254904](https://cyaron.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/img/20200323164256.png)
①实验室制乙烯:
液面以下——测定并控制反应混合液的温度
②实验室制硝基苯:
水浴的水中——测定并控制水浴的温度
③实验室制苯磺酸:
水浴的水中——测定并控制水浴的温度
④石油的分馏:
蒸馏烧瓶的支管处——测定蒸气的温度,控制各种馏分的沸点范围
⑤溶解度的测定:
溶液之中——测定饱和溶液的温度
⑥乙酸乙酯的水解:
水浴的水中——测定并控制水浴的温度
> 练习3
![image-20200323164710609](https://cyaron.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/img/20200323164712.png)
– A. 水浴加热,不能加热煮沸。
– B. 氢氧化钠要过量。
– C. 浓溴水加少量苯酚,白色沉淀。
#### 2020/3/24
> 练习1
![image-20200324161102971](https://cyaron.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/img/image-20200324161102971.png)
– 饱和碳酸钠能降低乙酸乙酯溶解度:乙酸乙酯是弱极性的,水是极性的,根据“相似相溶”原理,乙酸乙酯在水中有少量溶解。而在水中加入强极性的离子化合物——Na~2~CO~3~,可以使水的极性变强,使水和乙酸乙酯的极性差别进一步拉大,从而减少了乙酸乙酯的溶解。至于为何不用别的盐,那是因为Na~2~CO~3~不仅能减小乙酸乙酯溶解度,还能中和乙酸,溶解乙醇。
– 乙酸乙酯密度比水小。
– 肥皂主要成分是硬脂酸钠,其分子式是C~17~H~35~COONa。
> 使用冷凝装置的实验
![image-20200324161231249](https://cyaron.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/img/image-20200324161231249.png)
![image-20200324161839659](https://cyaron.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/img/image-20200324161839659.png)
> 使用碎瓷片、沸石的实验
![image-20200324162031011](https://cyaron.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/img/image-20200324162031011.png)
> 使用浓硫酸的实验
![image-20200324162144090](https://cyaron.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/img/image-20200324162144090.png)
> 糖类水解的条件
![image-20200324162412829](https://cyaron.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/img/image-20200324162412829.png)
> 练习2
![image-20200324162523318](https://cyaron.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/img/image-20200324162523318.png)
– A.
B. 最佳选项。
C. 干掉了乙酸。
D. 干掉了乙醛。
> 除杂方法
![image-20200324163416933](https://cyaron.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/img/image-20200324163416933.png)
![image-20200324163556653](https://cyaron.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/img/image-20200324163556653.png)
![image-20200324164351464](https://cyaron.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/img/image-20200324164351464.png)
#### 2020/3/25
![image-20200325100235278](https://cyaron.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/img/image-20200325100235278.png)
> 练习1
![image-20200325100526161](https://cyaron.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/img/image-20200325100526161.png)
Answer: D
葡萄糖:砖红色沉淀、**绛蓝色**。
乙酸:生成蓝色溶液。
甲酸:加热:砖红色沉淀、放出气体。不加热:生成蓝色溶液。
乙醇:加热,蓝色固体消失,生成红色固体。
乙醛:生成砖红色沉淀。
甘油:**绛蓝色**。
![image-20200325101117928](https://cyaron.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/img/image-20200325101117928.png)
> 练习2
![image-20200325101207910](https://cyaron.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/img/image-20200325101207910.png)
Ans: D
> 练习3
![image-20200325101749986](https://cyaron.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/img/image-20200325101749986.png)
Ans: C
#### 2020/3/26
> 同分异构体
> 练习1
![image-20200326150408513](https://cyaron.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/img/image-20200326150408513.png)
Ans: BD
> 练习2
![image-20200326150559230](https://cyaron.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/img/image-20200326150559230.png)
#### 2020/4/2
![image-20200402154438908](https://cyaron.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/img/image-20200402154438908.png)
![image-20200402155204841](https://cyaron.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/img/image-20200402155204841.png)
#### 2020/4/3
![image-20200403150934260](https://cyaron.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/img/image-20200403150934260.png)
![image-20200403151758248](https://cyaron.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/img/image-20200403151758248-1585898290276.png)
![image-20200403153716992](https://cyaron.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/img/image-20200403153716992.png)
#### 2020/4/7
![image-20200407164018565](https://cyaron.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/img/image-20200407164018565.png)
#### 2020/4/8
![image-20200408100236940](https://cyaron.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/img/image-20200408100236940.png)
Ans: C
![image-20200408102932316](https://cyaron.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/img/image-20200408102932316.png)
![image-20200408103021755](https://cyaron.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/img/image-20200408103021755.png)
#### 2020/4/15
![image-20200415101215679](https://cyaron.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/img/image-20200415101215679.png)
![image-20200415103505243](https://cyaron.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/img/image-20200415103505243.png)
#### 2020/4/21
![image-20200421165908221](https://cyaron.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/img/image-20200421165908221.png)
![image-20200421165928611](https://cyaron.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/img/image-20200421165928611.png)
![image-20200421165938128](https://cyaron.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/img/image-20200421165938128.png)
![image-20200421165950651](https://cyaron.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/img/image-20200421165950651.png)
![image-20200421165958995](https://cyaron.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/img/image-20200421165958995.png)
![image-20200421170023671](https://cyaron.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/img/image-20200421170023671.png)
![image-20200421165250554](https://cyaron.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/img/image-20200421165250554.png)
![image-20200421165444853](https://cyaron.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/img/image-20200421165444853.png)